Add the data layer with the build-db, fetch-lyrics, and fetch-artists subcommands

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

README.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Hot 100（2016–2025）為例的內容分析。
 
 ## 重現方式
 
-1. 準備 Python 3.12+ 環境，安裝分析管線套件：
+1. 準備 Python 3.14+ 環境，安裝分析管線套件：
    `pip install -e tools/`。
 2. 將 Anthropic API 金鑰寫入 `.env`（格式見
    `tools/.env.example`）。

docs/decision_log.md

@@ -73,3 +73,26 @@
   兩層；取得日期不可考者不假造，僅記可證上界。
 - **`run_llm` 改走 pydantic-settings 統一設定**（刪手寫 .env
   parser），與 `config.py` / `database.py` 一致。
+- **`lyrics` 表併入 `songs.lyrics` nullable 欄位**（資料模型由
+  五表改四表）。理由：1—1 關係在此量級下獨立成表只有正規化
+  慣性，nullable 欄位更簡單；「未取得」以 NULL 表達，語意
+  等價。
+
+## 2026-08-01
+
+- **引擎獨立性以 PostgreSQL/SQLite 為範圍**（MySQL 的 VARCHAR
+  長度限制不處理）。
+- **`build-db` 的重置改用逐表 DELETE，不再 drop/create**：
+  schema 生命週期歸 migration 管，build-db 只管資料。連帶
+  效果：重置成為純 DML,全程單一交易、驗證通過才 commit——
+  建置失敗時前一版資料完好。首次執行仍以 create_all
+  （checkfirst）補缺表。
+- **song/artist ID 由 build-db 顯式指派**（首次出現順序 1、2、
+  3…），不依賴 autoincrement——PostgreSQL 的 sequence 在
+  DELETE 後不重置，顯式指派讓重建決定性跨引擎成立。
+- **禁止文字 SQL statement，一律經 SQLAlchemy ORM/Core API**。
+  唯一記錄在案的例外：SQLite 的 `PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON`
+  （官方建議作法，無非文字 API 可用；SQLite 的 FK 旗標為
+  逐連線設定）。裁定其歸屬為連線組態，實作於 `database.py`
+  的 `__create_engine`——建 engine 時對 SQLite 註冊 connect
+  listener，所有消費者全程生效，不再由 build-db 各自註冊。

docs/project_structure.md

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pop-fem-audit/
 │   ├── artists_wikidata.csv           # 捕捉：Wikidata 快照
 │   ├── artists_overrides.csv          # 人工核定 / 深度背景
 │   ├── lyrics_provenance.csv          # 歌詞出處（source + method）
+│   ├── lyrics_missing.csv             # 歌詞缺漏報表（人工補救用）
 │   └── lyrics/                        # 歌詞 .txt 快取
 │                                      #   （gitignored，版權）
 ├── prompts/                   # LLM 定義檔（逐字作為 system prompt）
@@ -28,8 +29,15 @@ pop-fem-audit/
 │   │                          #   gitignored；含歌詞全文）
 │   ├── src/pop_fem_audit_tools/
 │   │   ├── __main__.py        # 套件 CLI 進入點（分派子命令）
+│   │   ├── build_db.py        # build the SQLite working store
+│   │   │                      #   from the inputs
 │   │   ├── config.py          # pydantic-settings 設定（.env）
 │   │   ├── database.py        # SQLAlchemy engine / session / Base
+│   │   ├── fetch_artists.py   # fetch artist metadata from
+│   │   │                      #   Wikidata into the snapshot CSV
+│   │   ├── fetch_lyrics.py    # fetch missing lyrics from the
+│   │   │                      #   public APIs into data/lyrics/
+│   │   ├── models.py          # SQLAlchemy ORM 資料模型
 │   │   └── run_llm.py         # API runner：2+1 協定、Batch API、
 │   │                          #   自動寫入 runs/；執行方式
 │   │                          #   pop-fem-audit-tools run-llm

docs/research_plan.md

@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@
     ——此為「可再生仍 commit」的唯一例外，理由：引用穩定性
     （十年尺度的環境會腐化）、審稿人零門檻、撰稿期數字變動
     可 diff。
-- **資料模型**：`songs`（歌曲實體）、`chart_entries`
-  （1 歌—N 筆榜單紀錄）、`artists`（歌手實體：Wikidata QID、
-  性別、型態、曲風、國籍）、`song_artists`（M—N 關聯：角色、
-  署名順序）、`lyrics`（1—1）。領域不變量（恰 1000 筆榜單、
+- **資料模型**：`songs`（歌曲實體，含 lyrics nullable 欄位）、
+  `chart_entries`（1 歌—N 筆榜單紀錄）、`artists`（歌手實體：
+  Wikidata QID、性別、型態、曲風、國籍）、`song_artists`
+  （M—N 關聯：角色、署名順序）。領域不變量（恰 1000 筆榜單、
   每歌至少一 primary 歌手等）檢查內建於 `build-db`，違規即
   建置失敗。
 - **歌手背景防火牆**：歌手背景資料只進人工解讀階段（證據表、

tools/README.rst

@@ -31,6 +31,24 @@ Usage
 Runs a specific tool command, where "command" can be:
 
 
+build-db
+--------
+
+Initialize or rebuild the database from the CSV Billboard ranking table, parse songs and its artists, and output song and artist lists for references.  Check ``pop-fem-audit-tools build-db -h`` for complete instructions on its usage.
+
+
+fetch-artists
+-------------
+
+Fetch artist data from Wikidata, for ``build-db`` to merge the fetched data into the database.  Check ``pop-fem-audit-tools fetch-artists -h`` for complete instructions on its usage.
+
+
+fetch-lyrics
+------------
+
+Fetch lyrics, for ``build-db`` to merge the fetched lyrics into the database.  Lyrics are not committed into the repository due to copyright issue.  Check ``pop-fem-audit-tools fetch-lyrics -h`` for complete instructions on its usage.
+
+
 run-llm
 -------
 

tools/docs/source/pop_fem_audit_tools.rst

@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@ pop\_fem\_audit\_tools package
 Submodules
 ----------
 
+pop\_fem\_audit\_tools.build\_db module
+---------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pop_fem_audit_tools.build_db
+   :members:
+   :show-inheritance:
+   :undoc-members:
+
 pop\_fem\_audit\_tools.config module
 ------------------------------------
 
@@ -12,6 +20,38 @@ pop\_fem\_audit\_tools.config module
    :show-inheritance:
    :undoc-members:
 
+pop\_fem\_audit\_tools.database module
+--------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pop_fem_audit_tools.database
+   :members:
+   :show-inheritance:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+pop\_fem\_audit\_tools.fetch\_artists module
+--------------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pop_fem_audit_tools.fetch_artists
+   :members:
+   :show-inheritance:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+pop\_fem\_audit\_tools.fetch\_lyrics module
+-------------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pop_fem_audit_tools.fetch_lyrics
+   :members:
+   :show-inheritance:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+pop\_fem\_audit\_tools.models module
+------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pop_fem_audit_tools.models
+   :members:
+   :show-inheritance:
+   :undoc-members:
+
 pop\_fem\_audit\_tools.run\_llm module
 --------------------------------------
 

tools/pyproject.toml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ name = "pop-fem-audit-tools"
 dynamic = ["version"]
 description = "Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music."
 readme = "README.rst"
-requires-python = ">=3.12"
+requires-python = ">=3.14"
 authors = [
     {name = "imacat", email = "imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw"},
 ]
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ classifiers = [
     "Operating System :: OS Independent",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
     "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Information Analysis",
     "Topic :: Sociology",

tools/src/pop_fem_audit_tools/__main__.py

@@ -15,12 +15,20 @@ from collections.abc import Callable
 from importlib.machinery import ModuleSpec
 from types import ModuleType
 
-from pop_fem_audit_tools import run_llm
+from pop_fem_audit_tools import (
+    build_db,
+    fetch_artists,
+    fetch_lyrics,
+    run_llm,
+)
 
 MODULE_PROG: str = "python -m pop_fem_audit_tools"
 """The program name when run with ``python -m``."""
 
 SUBCOMMANDS: dict[str, Callable[[list[str] | None], int]] = {
+    "build-db": build_db.main,
+    "fetch-artists": fetch_artists.main,
+    "fetch-lyrics": fetch_lyrics.main,
     "run-llm": run_llm.main,
 }
 """The dispatch table from the subcommand name to the tool main."""

tools/src/pop_fem_audit_tools/build_db.py

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+"""The builder of the SQLite working store.
+
+Rebuilds the working store from scratch out of the committed
+inputs: the year-end chart CSV, the lyrics cache, the Wikidata
+artist snapshot, and the manual artist overrides.  Missing tables
+are created on a fresh store; existing tables are never altered,
+as the schema lifecycle belongs to the migrations.  Every rebuild
+deletes all the rows, loads the data, and validates it in one
+transaction, committed only after the data passes the validation
+invariants; a failed build leaves the previous store contents
+intact.
+
+The rebuild is deterministic: the builder assigns the song and
+artist IDs itself, as 1, 2, 3, ... in the first-occurrence file
+order, so the IDs are reproducible across rebuilds on every
+database engine, given the frozen input file.
+
+Run from the repository root; the input paths are relative to the
+current working directory.
+"""
+import argparse
+import csv
+import re
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from .database import Base, ds
+from .models import (
+    Artist,
+    ChartEntry,
+    Song,
+    SongArtist,
+)
+
+CHART_CSV: Path = Path("data/yearend_hot100_2016_2025.csv")
+"""The year-end chart CSV file."""
+LYRICS_DIR: Path = Path("data/lyrics")
+"""The lyrics cache directory."""
+WIKIDATA_CSV: Path = Path("data/artists_wikidata.csv")
+"""The Wikidata artist snapshot CSV file."""
+OVERRIDES_CSV: Path = Path("data/artists_overrides.csv")
+"""The manual artist override CSV file."""
+YEARS: Sequence[int] = range(2016, 2026)
+"""The expected chart years."""
+RANKS_PER_YEAR: int = 100
+"""The expected number of ranks on the chart of each year."""
+ARTIST_FIELDS: dict[str, str] = {
+    "qid": "wikidata_qid",
+    "gender": "gender",
+    "artist_type": "artist_type",
+    "genre": "genre",
+    "country": "country",
+}
+"""The artist CSV columns mapped to the Artist attributes."""
+FEATURING_PATTERN: re.Pattern[str] = re.compile(
+    r" featuring | feat\. ", re.IGNORECASE)
+"""The pattern splitting the primary and featured sides."""
+DELIMITER_PATTERN: re.Pattern[str] = re.compile(
+    r", | & | \+ |(?i: and | x | with )")
+"""The pattern splitting the artist names within a side."""
+
+
+class BuildError(Exception):
+    """An error that fails the build."""
+
+
+def parse_args(argv: list[str] | None) -> argparse.Namespace:
+    """Parse the command-line arguments.
+
+    :param argv: The command-line arguments, or None for
+        ``sys.argv``.
+    :return: The parsed arguments.
+    """
+    parser: argparse.ArgumentParser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Rebuild the SQLite working store from the"
+                    " committed inputs.")
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+def parse_artist_credit(credit: str) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+    """Parse a combined artist credit into artists and roles.
+
+    The credit splits into a primary side and a featured side on
+    the word "featuring" or "feat.", case-insensitively; without
+    them, every artist is primary.  Each side splits into artist
+    names on the delimiters ", ", " & ", " + " (literally) and
+    " and ", " x ", " with " (case-insensitively).
+
+    Known limitation: a compound act name that contains one of the
+    delimiters is over-split; such cases are corrected later via
+    the human override layer.
+
+    :param credit: The combined artist credit string.
+    :return: The (name, role) pairs in credit order, primary side
+        first, with the role "primary" or "featured".
+    """
+    sides: list[str] = FEATURING_PATTERN.split(credit, maxsplit=1)
+    pairs: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+    role: str
+    side: str
+    for side, role in zip(sides, ("primary", "featured")):
+        token: str
+        for token in DELIMITER_PATTERN.split(side):
+            name: str = token.strip()
+            if name != "":
+                pairs.append((name, role))
+    return pairs
+
+
+def create_song(session: Session, song_id: int, title: str,
+                credit: str, artists: dict[str, Artist]) -> Song:
+    """Create a song with its parsed artist credits.
+
+    The song takes the given ID.  A newly created artist takes
+    the ID following the known artists, in credit order.  An
+    artist duplicated within the credit is kept only at its
+    first occurrence, with a warning to the standard error.
+
+    :param session: The database session.
+    :param song_id: The song ID to assign.
+    :param title: The song title.
+    :param credit: The combined artist credit string.
+    :param artists: The known artists by name, updated with the
+        newly created ones as an observable side effect.
+    :return: The created song, added to the session.
+    """
+    song: Song = Song(id=song_id, title=title,
+                      artist_credit=credit)
+    session.add(song)
+    seen: set[str] = set()
+    position: int = 0
+    name: str
+    role: str
+    for name, role in parse_artist_credit(credit):
+        if name in seen:
+            print(f"warning: {credit}: duplicated artist"
+                  f" \"{name}\"", file=sys.stderr)
+            continue
+        seen.add(name)
+        if name not in artists:
+            artists[name] = Artist(id=len(artists) + 1, name=name)
+        session.add(SongArtist(song=song, artist=artists[name],
+                               role=role, position=position))
+        position += 1
+    return song
+
+
+def load_chart(session: Session, path: Path) -> None:
+    """Load the chart CSV into songs, chart entries, and credits.
+
+    A song repeated across the rows is stored once, keyed by its
+    exact title and artist credit; every row yields one chart
+    entry.  The songs and the artists take the IDs 1, 2, 3, ...
+    in the first-occurrence row order.
+
+    :param session: The database session.
+    :param path: The chart CSV file with the columns year, rank,
+        title, and artist.
+    :return: None.
+    :raises OSError: When the file cannot be read.
+    """
+    songs: dict[tuple[str, str], Song] = {}
+    artists: dict[str, Artist] = {}
+    with open(path, encoding="utf-8", newline="") as file:
+        row: dict[str, str]
+        for row in csv.DictReader(file):
+            key: tuple[str, str] = (row["title"], row["artist"])
+            if key not in songs:
+                songs[key] = create_song(
+                    session, len(songs) + 1, row["title"],
+                    row["artist"], artists)
+            session.add(ChartEntry(year=int(row["year"]),
+                                   rank=int(row["rank"]),
+                                   song=songs[key]))
+
+
+def load_lyrics(session: Session, directory: Path) -> None:
+    """Load the cached lyrics files into the matching songs.
+
+    A missing directory is skipped.  A file whose stem is not an
+    existing song ID is skipped with a warning to the standard
+    error.
+
+    :param session: The database session, with the songs flushed.
+    :param directory: The lyrics cache directory with one
+        ``<song_id>.txt`` file per song.
+    :return: None.
+    :raises OSError: When a lyrics file cannot be read.
+    """
+    if not directory.is_dir():
+        return
+    for path in sorted(directory.glob("*.txt")):
+        song: Song | None = None
+        if path.stem.isdigit():
+            song = session.get(Song, int(path.stem))
+        if song is None:
+            print(f"warning: {path}: no song with ID"
+                  f" \"{path.stem}\"", file=sys.stderr)
+            continue
+        song.lyrics = path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+
+def apply_artist_csv(session: Session, path: Path) -> None:
+    """Apply an artist attribute CSV onto the artist rows.
+
+    Artists match by exact name.  Only the non-empty cells are
+    applied, so a later CSV overrides an earlier one field by
+    field.  The note column is ignored.  A missing file is
+    skipped.
+
+    :param session: The database session, with the artists
+        flushed.
+    :param path: The CSV file with the columns name, qid, gender,
+        artist_type, genre, country, and note.
+    :return: None.
+    :raises BuildError: When a name matches no artist.
+    :raises OSError: When the file cannot be read.
+    """
+    if not path.exists():
+        return
+    with open(path, encoding="utf-8", newline="") as file:
+        row: dict[str, str]
+        for row in csv.DictReader(file):
+            artist: Artist | None = session.scalar(
+                sa.select(Artist)
+                .where(Artist.name == row["name"]))
+            if artist is None:
+                raise BuildError(
+                    f"{path}: no artist named \"{row['name']}\"")
+            column: str
+            attribute: str
+            for column, attribute in ARTIST_FIELDS.items():
+                if row.get(column):
+                    setattr(artist, attribute, row[column])
+
+
+def find_violations(session: Session, years: Iterable[int],
+                    ranks_per_year: int) -> list[str]:
+    """Find the invariant violations in the loaded data.
+
+    The invariants: the chart entries cover each expected year
+    and rank exactly once and nothing else, every song has at
+    least one primary artist, and every artist name is non-empty.
+
+    :param session: The database session with the loaded data
+        flushed.
+    :param years: The expected chart years.
+    :param ranks_per_year: The expected number of ranks per year.
+    :return: The violation messages, empty when the data is
+        valid.
+    """
+    violations: list[str] = []
+    expected: set[tuple[int, int]] = {
+        (year, rank) for year in years
+        for rank in range(1, ranks_per_year + 1)}
+    actual: set[tuple[int, int]] = {
+        (x.year, x.rank)
+        for x in session.scalars(sa.select(ChartEntry))}
+    year: int
+    rank: int
+    for year, rank in sorted(expected - actual):
+        violations.append(
+            f"missing chart entry: year {year} rank {rank}")
+    for year, rank in sorted(actual - expected):
+        violations.append(
+            f"unexpected chart entry: year {year} rank {rank}")
+    primary_ids: set[int] = set(session.scalars(
+        sa.select(SongArtist.song_id)
+        .where(SongArtist.role == "primary")))
+    song: Song
+    for song in session.scalars(sa.select(Song).order_by(Song.id)):
+        if song.id not in primary_ids:
+            violations.append(
+                f"song {song.id} \"{song.title}\" has no primary"
+                " artist")
+    artist: Artist
+    for artist in session.scalars(sa.select(Artist)):
+        if artist.name.strip() == "":
+            violations.append(
+                f"artist {artist.id} has an empty name")
+    return violations
+
+
+def count_rows(session: Session) -> dict[str, int]:
+    """Count the loaded rows for the build summary.
+
+    :param session: The database session with the loaded data
+        flushed.
+    :return: The counts of the songs, chart entries, artists,
+        credits, and songs with lyrics, under those keys.
+    """
+    return {
+        "songs": session.scalar(
+            sa.select(sa.func.count()).select_from(Song)) or 0,
+        "chart entries": session.scalar(
+            sa.select(sa.func.count())
+            .select_from(ChartEntry)) or 0,
+        "artists": session.scalar(
+            sa.select(sa.func.count()).select_from(Artist)) or 0,
+        "credits": session.scalar(
+            sa.select(sa.func.count())
+            .select_from(SongArtist)) or 0,
+        "songs with lyrics": session.scalar(
+            sa.select(sa.func.count()).select_from(Song)
+            .where(Song.lyrics.is_not(None))) or 0,
+    }
+
+
+def prepare_engine(engine: sa.Engine) -> None:
+    """Prepare a SQLite engine for a build.
+
+    For a file-based SQLite engine, the parent directory of the
+    database file is created when missing.  A non-SQLite engine is
+    left untouched.
+
+    :param engine: The database engine.
+    :return: None.
+    """
+    if engine.url.get_backend_name() != "sqlite":
+        return
+    database: str | None = engine.url.database
+    if database is not None and database != ":memory:":
+        Path(database).parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+
+def reset_store(session: Session) -> None:
+    """Delete all the rows from every table of the store.
+
+    :param session: The database session.
+    :return: None.
+    """
+    model: type[Base]
+    for model in (SongArtist, ChartEntry, Song, Artist):
+        session.execute(sa.delete(model))
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    """Rebuild the SQLite working store from the inputs.
+
+    :param argv: The command-line arguments, or None for
+        ``sys.argv``.
+    :return: The exit status: 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+    """
+    parse_args(argv)
+    engine: sa.Engine = ds.engine
+    prepare_engine(engine)
+    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
+    session: Session = ds.get_db()
+    counts: dict[str, int]
+    try:
+        reset_store(session)
+        load_chart(session, CHART_CSV)
+        session.flush()
+        load_lyrics(session, LYRICS_DIR)
+        apply_artist_csv(session, WIKIDATA_CSV)
+        apply_artist_csv(session, OVERRIDES_CSV)
+        session.flush()
+        violations: list[str] = find_violations(
+            session, YEARS, RANKS_PER_YEAR)
+        if len(violations) > 0:
+            session.rollback()
+            for violation in violations:
+                print(f"error: {violation}", file=sys.stderr)
+            return 1
+        counts = count_rows(session)
+        session.commit()
+    except (OSError, BuildError) as error:
+        session.rollback()
+        print(f"error: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    finally:
+        session.close()
+    print("done: " + ", ".join(f"{count} {name}"
+                               for name, count in counts.items()),
+          file=sys.stderr)
+    return 0

tools/src/pop_fem_audit_tools/database.py

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+"""The database connection.
+
+"""
+from functools import cached_property
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, sessionmaker, Session
+
+from .config import Settings, get_settings
+
+
+class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+    """The base data model."""
+
+
+class DataSource:
+    """A data source."""
+
+    @cached_property
+    def engine(self) -> sa.Engine:
+        """Returns the database engine.
+
+        :return: The database engine.
+        """
+        settings: Settings = get_settings()
+        return self.__create_engine(settings.SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def __session_local(self) -> sessionmaker:
+        """Returns the callable to connect and return the database session.
+
+        :return: The callable to connect and return the database session.
+        """
+        return sessionmaker(
+            autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=self.engine)
+
+    def get_db(self) -> Session:
+        """Connects and returns the database session.
+
+        :return: The database session.
+        """
+        return self.__session_local()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __create_engine(cls, url: str) -> sa.Engine:
+        """Constructs and returns the database engine.
+
+        The foreign key enforcement is enabled on every connection
+        of a SQLite engine.
+
+        :param url: The SQLAlchemy database URL.
+        :return: The database engine.
+        """
+        url = cls.__resolve_sqlite_relative_url(url)
+        engine: sa.Engine
+        if url == "sqlite://":
+            engine = sa.create_engine(
+                url, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False},
+                poolclass=sa.StaticPool)
+        else:
+            engine = sa.create_engine(url)
+        if engine.url.get_backend_name() == "sqlite":
+            sa.event.listen(engine, "connect",
+                            cls.__enable_sqlite_foreign_keys)
+        return engine
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __enable_sqlite_foreign_keys(dbapi_connection: Any,
+                                     _: Any) -> None:
+        """Enables the foreign key enforcement on a new connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: The DBAPI connection.
+        :param _: The connection record (unused).
+        :return: None.
+        """
+        cursor: Any = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __resolve_sqlite_relative_url(url: str) -> str:
+        """Resolves the SQLite relative URL to the instance folder.
+
+        :param url: The SQLAlchemy database URL.
+        :return: The resolved SQLAlchemy database URL.
+        """
+        if not url.startswith("sqlite:///"):
+            return url
+        path: Path = Path(url[len("sqlite:///"):])
+        if path.is_absolute():
+            return url
+        base: Path = Path(__file__).parent.parent
+        if base.name == "src":
+            base = base.parent
+        path = base / "instance" / path
+        return f"sqlite:///{path}"
+
+
+ds: DataSource = DataSource()
+"""The data source."""

tools/src/pop_fem_audit_tools/fetch_artists.py

@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+"""The fetcher of the artist metadata.
+
+Fetches the metadata of the artists without a snapshot row from
+Wikidata into the capture layer: the Wikidata artist snapshot
+CSV.  The working store is only read, never written; the
+``build-db`` subcommand assembles the captured files into the
+store on the next rebuild.
+
+Every fetched row is meant for later human verification: the
+description of the search hit is recorded in the note column so
+that a bad match can be spotted.  A search miss or an error on
+one artist is noted on its row and does not fail the run.
+
+Run from the repository root; the data paths are relative to the
+current working directory.
+"""
+import argparse
+import csv
+import json
+import sys
+import time
+import urllib.parse
+import urllib.request
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from .database import ds
+from .models import Artist
+
+WIKIDATA_CSV: Path = Path("data/artists_wikidata.csv")
+"""The Wikidata artist snapshot CSV file."""
+SNAPSHOT_FIELDS: Sequence[str] = (
+    "name", "qid", "gender", "artist_type", "genre", "country",
+    "note")
+"""The header columns of the Wikidata artist snapshot CSV file."""
+API_URL: str = "https://www.wikidata.org/w/api.php"
+"""The URL of the Wikidata API endpoint."""
+USER_AGENT: str = ("pop-fem-audit-tools"
+                   " (https://github.com/imacat/pop-fem-audit)")
+"""The User-Agent header sent on every HTTP request."""
+TIMEOUT: float = 30.0
+"""The timeout of an HTTP request, in seconds."""
+SLEEP_SECONDS: float = 1.0
+"""The delay between consecutive HTTP requests, in seconds."""
+HUMAN_QID: str = "Q5"
+"""The Wikidata item ID of "human"."""
+GROUP_KEYWORDS: Sequence[str] = ("band", "group", "duo", "trio")
+"""The label keywords that suggest a musical ensemble, covering
+labels like "boy band" and "girl group"."""
+
+
+def parse_args(argv: list[str] | None) -> argparse.Namespace:
+    """Parse the command-line arguments.
+
+    :param argv: The command-line arguments, or None for
+        ``sys.argv``.
+    :return: The parsed arguments.
+    """
+    parser: argparse.ArgumentParser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Fetch the artist metadata from Wikidata"
+                    " into the capture layer.")
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+class ArtistFetcher:
+    """A fetcher of artist metadata from Wikidata."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Construct the fetcher."""
+        self.__sent: int = 0
+        """The number of the HTTP requests already sent."""
+
+    def fetch(self, name: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Fetch the metadata of an artist.
+
+        The note column carries the description of the search hit
+        for human verification.  A search miss yields a row with
+        the note ``not found``.  An HTTP, network, or decoding
+        error yields a row with what was resolved so far and the
+        note ``error: <reason>``.
+
+        :param name: The artist name to query with.
+        :return: The snapshot CSV row of the artist.
+        """
+        row: dict[str, str] = {x: "" for x in SNAPSHOT_FIELDS}
+        row["name"] = name
+        try:
+            hit: tuple[str, str] | None = self.__search(name)
+            if hit is None:
+                row["note"] = "not found"
+                return row
+            row["qid"], row["note"] = hit
+            self.__resolve(row)
+        except (OSError, ValueError) as error:
+            row["note"] = f"error: {error}"
+        return row
+
+    def __search(self, name: str) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
+        """Search Wikidata for an artist.
+
+        :param name: The artist name to search for.
+        :return: The QID and the description of the first hit, or
+            None when there is no hit.
+        :raises OSError: On an HTTP or network error.
+        :raises ValueError: On a JSON decoding error.
+        """
+        data: Any = self.__get_json({
+            "action": "wbsearchentities", "search": name,
+            "language": "en", "type": "item", "format": "json"})
+        hits: Any = data.get("search") \
+            if isinstance(data, dict) else None
+        if not isinstance(hits, list) or len(hits) == 0:
+            return None
+        hit: Any = hits[0]
+        if not isinstance(hit, dict) \
+                or not isinstance(hit.get("id"), str):
+            return None
+        description: Any = hit.get("description")
+        return hit["id"], \
+            description if isinstance(description, str) else ""
+
+    def __resolve(self, row: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Resolve the claims of an artist into the row fields.
+
+        :param row: The snapshot CSV row, with the QID set.
+        :return: None.
+        :raises OSError: On an HTTP or network error.
+        :raises ValueError: On a JSON decoding error.
+        """
+        claims: dict[str, list[str]] \
+            = self.__get_claims(row["qid"])
+        gender_ids: list[str] = claims.get("P21", [])
+        type_ids: list[str] = claims.get("P31", [])
+        genre_ids: list[str] = claims.get("P136", [])
+        country_ids: list[str] = claims.get("P27", [])
+        if len(country_ids) == 0:
+            country_ids = claims.get("P495", [])
+        labels: dict[str, str] = self.__get_labels(
+            gender_ids + type_ids + genre_ids + country_ids)
+        if len(gender_ids) > 0:
+            row["gender"] = labels.get(gender_ids[0], "")
+        row["artist_type"] = self.__artist_type(type_ids, labels)
+        row["genre"] = "; ".join(
+            labels[x] for x in genre_ids if x in labels)
+        if len(country_ids) > 0:
+            row["country"] = labels.get(country_ids[0], "")
+
+    def __get_claims(self, qid: str) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
+        """Fetch the item-ID claim targets of a Wikidata item.
+
+        :param qid: The item ID.
+        :return: The item-ID targets of the gender, instance-of,
+            genre, and country properties, keyed by the property
+            ID.
+        :raises OSError: On an HTTP or network error.
+        :raises ValueError: On a JSON decoding error.
+        """
+        data: Any = self.__get_json({
+            "action": "wbgetentities", "ids": qid,
+            "props": "claims", "format": "json"})
+        claims: Any = None
+        if isinstance(data, dict) \
+                and isinstance(data.get("entities"), dict) \
+                and isinstance(data["entities"].get(qid), dict):
+            claims = data["entities"][qid].get("claims")
+        if not isinstance(claims, dict):
+            return {}
+        return {x: self.__targets(claims.get(x))
+                for x in ("P21", "P31", "P136", "P27", "P495")}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __targets(statements: Any) -> list[str]:
+        """Extract the item-ID targets of the property statements.
+
+        :param statements: The statements of a property, or None.
+        :return: The item IDs of the statement targets.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(statements, list):
+            return []
+        ids: list[str] = []
+        statement: Any
+        for statement in statements:
+            if not isinstance(statement, dict):
+                continue
+            snak: Any = statement.get("mainsnak")
+            if not isinstance(snak, dict):
+                continue
+            datavalue: Any = snak.get("datavalue")
+            if not isinstance(datavalue, dict):
+                continue
+            value: Any = datavalue.get("value")
+            if isinstance(value, dict) \
+                    and isinstance(value.get("id"), str):
+                ids.append(value["id"])
+        return ids
+
+    def __get_labels(self, qids: Sequence[str]) \
+            -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Resolve item IDs to their English labels in one batch.
+
+        :param qids: The item IDs, duplicates allowed.
+        :return: The English labels, keyed by the item ID; the
+            items without an English label are left out.
+        :raises OSError: On an HTTP or network error.
+        :raises ValueError: On a JSON decoding error.
+        """
+        unique: list[str] = list(dict.fromkeys(qids))
+        if len(unique) == 0:
+            return {}
+        data: Any = self.__get_json({
+            "action": "wbgetentities", "ids": "|".join(unique),
+            "props": "labels", "languages": "en",
+            "format": "json"})
+        entities: Any = data.get("entities") \
+            if isinstance(data, dict) else None
+        if not isinstance(entities, dict):
+            return {}
+        labels: dict[str, str] = {}
+        qid: str
+        for qid in unique:
+            entity: Any = entities.get(qid)
+            if not isinstance(entity, dict) \
+                    or not isinstance(entity.get("labels"), dict):
+                continue
+            label: Any = entity["labels"].get("en")
+            if isinstance(label, dict) \
+                    and isinstance(label.get("value"), str):
+                labels[qid] = label["value"]
+        return labels
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __artist_type(type_ids: Sequence[str],
+                      labels: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        """Derive the artist type from the instance-of targets.
+
+        :param type_ids: The item IDs of the instance-of targets.
+        :param labels: The English labels, keyed by the item ID.
+        :return: ``solo`` for a human, ``group`` for a musical
+            ensemble, or empty for the human to decide.
+        """
+        if HUMAN_QID in type_ids:
+            return "solo"
+        qid: str
+        for qid in type_ids:
+            label: str = labels.get(qid, "").lower()
+            if any(x in label for x in GROUP_KEYWORDS):
+                return "group"
+        return ""
+
+    def __get_json(self, params: dict[str, str]) -> Any:
+        """Send a GET request to the API and return the JSON body.
+
+        Consecutive requests are separated by a fixed delay.
+
+        :param params: The query parameters.
+        :return: The parsed JSON body.
+        :raises OSError: On an HTTP or network error.
+        :raises ValueError: On a JSON decoding error.
+        """
+        if self.__sent > 0:
+            time.sleep(SLEEP_SECONDS)
+        self.__sent += 1
+        url: str = f"{API_URL}?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}"
+        request: urllib.request.Request = urllib.request.Request(
+            url, headers={"User-Agent": USER_AGENT})
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(
+                request, timeout=TIMEOUT) as response:
+            return json.load(response)
+
+
+def read_snapshot_names() -> set[str]:
+    """Read the artist names already in the snapshot CSV file.
+
+    :return: The artist names, or an empty set when the file is
+        missing.
+    :raises OSError: When the file cannot be read.
+    """
+    if not WIKIDATA_CSV.exists():
+        return set()
+    with open(WIKIDATA_CSV, encoding="utf-8",
+              newline="") as file:
+        reader: csv.DictReader[str] = csv.DictReader(file)
+        return {x["name"] for x in reader
+                if x.get("name") is not None}
+
+
+def append_row(row: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    """Append a row to the snapshot CSV file.
+
+    The CSV file is created with the header row when missing; the
+    existing rows are preserved.
+
+    :param row: The snapshot CSV row.
+    :return: None.
+    :raises OSError: When the file cannot be written.
+    """
+    is_new: bool = not WIKIDATA_CSV.exists()
+    WIKIDATA_CSV.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with open(WIKIDATA_CSV, "a", encoding="utf-8",
+              newline="") as file:
+        writer: csv.DictWriter[str] = csv.DictWriter(
+            file, SNAPSHOT_FIELDS)
+        if is_new:
+            writer.writeheader()
+        writer.writerow(row)
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    """Fetch the artist metadata from Wikidata.
+
+    :param argv: The command-line arguments, or None for
+        ``sys.argv``.
+    :return: The exit status: 0 on success, misses and errors
+        included, non-zero on a setup error.
+    """
+    parse_args(argv)
+    fetcher: ArtistFetcher = ArtistFetcher()
+    fetched: int = 0
+    not_found: int = 0
+    errors: int = 0
+    skipped: int = 0
+    session: Session = ds.get_db()
+    try:
+        done: set[str] = read_snapshot_names()
+        name: str
+        for name in session.scalars(
+                sa.select(Artist.name).order_by(Artist.id)):
+            if name in done:
+                skipped += 1
+                continue
+            row: dict[str, str] = fetcher.fetch(name)
+            append_row(row)
+            status: str = row["qid"]
+            if row["note"] == "not found":
+                not_found += 1
+                status = "not found"
+            elif row["note"].startswith("error: "):
+                errors += 1
+                status = row["note"]
+            else:
+                fetched += 1
+            print(f"artist \"{name}\": {status}",
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+    except (OSError, sa.exc.SQLAlchemyError) as error:
+        print(f"error: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    finally:
+        session.close()
+    print(f"done: {fetched} fetched, {not_found} not found,"
+          f" {errors} errors, {skipped} skipped",
+          file=sys.stderr)
+    return 0

tools/src/pop_fem_audit_tools/fetch_lyrics.py

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+"""The fetcher of the missing song lyrics.
+
+Fetches the lyrics of the songs without a cache file from the
+public lyrics APIs, Lyrics.ovh and LRCLIB, into the capture
+layer: the lyrics cache directory and the provenance CSV.  The
+working store is only read, never written; the ``build-db``
+subcommand assembles the captured files into the store on the
+next rebuild.
+
+A song that every API misses is reported in the missing lyrics
+CSV, which is rewritten on every run to reflect the current
+status.  Misses are expected and do not fail the run.
+
+Run from the repository root; the data paths are relative to the
+current working directory.
+"""
+import argparse
+import csv
+import datetime
+import json
+import sys
+import time
+import urllib.parse
+import urllib.request
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from .database import ds
+from .models import (
+    Artist,
+    Song,
+    SongArtist,
+)
+
+LYRICS_DIR: Path = Path("data/lyrics")
+"""The lyrics cache directory."""
+PROVENANCE_CSV: Path = Path("data/lyrics_provenance.csv")
+"""The lyrics provenance CSV file."""
+MISSING_CSV: Path = Path("data/lyrics_missing.csv")
+"""The missing lyrics report CSV file."""
+PROVENANCE_FIELDS: Sequence[str] = (
+    "song_id", "source", "method", "acquired_at", "note")
+"""The header columns of the lyrics provenance CSV file."""
+MISSING_FIELDS: Sequence[str] = (
+    "song_id", "title", "artist_credit", "reason")
+"""The header columns of the missing lyrics report CSV file."""
+USER_AGENT: str = ("pop-fem-audit-tools"
+                   " (https://github.com/imacat/pop-fem-audit)")
+"""The User-Agent header sent on every HTTP request."""
+TIMEOUT: float = 30.0
+"""The timeout of an HTTP request, in seconds."""
+SLEEP_SECONDS: float = 1.0
+"""The delay between consecutive HTTP requests, in seconds."""
+
+
+def parse_args(argv: list[str] | None) -> argparse.Namespace:
+    """Parse the command-line arguments.
+
+    :param argv: The command-line arguments, or None for
+        ``sys.argv``.
+    :return: The parsed arguments.
+    """
+    parser: argparse.ArgumentParser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Fetch the missing song lyrics from the"
+                    " public lyrics APIs into the capture layer.")
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+class LyricsFetcher:
+    """A fetcher of song lyrics from the public lyrics APIs."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Construct the fetcher."""
+        self.__sent: int = 0
+        """The number of the HTTP requests already sent."""
+
+    def fetch(self, artist: str, title: str) \
+            -> tuple[str, str] | None:
+        """Fetch the lyrics of a song.
+
+        The APIs are tried in order, Lyrics.ovh and then LRCLIB,
+        stopping at the first hit.  An HTTP or network error on
+        an API counts as a miss on that API.
+
+        :param artist: The artist name to query with.
+        :param title: The song title to query with.
+        :return: The lyrics text and the source name, or None
+            when every API misses.
+        """
+        lyrics: str | None = self.__fetch_ovh(artist, title)
+        if lyrics is not None:
+            return lyrics, "lyrics.ovh"
+        lyrics = self.__fetch_lrclib(artist, title)
+        if lyrics is not None:
+            return lyrics, "lrclib"
+        return None
+
+    def __fetch_ovh(self, artist: str, title: str) -> str | None:
+        """Fetch the lyrics of a song from Lyrics.ovh.
+
+        :param artist: The artist name to query with.
+        :param title: The song title to query with.
+        :return: The lyrics text, or None on a miss.
+        """
+        url: str = ("https://api.lyrics.ovh/v1/"
+                    f"{urllib.parse.quote(artist, safe='')}/"
+                    f"{urllib.parse.quote(title, safe='')}")
+        data: Any = self.__get_json(url)
+        if isinstance(data, dict) \
+                and isinstance(data.get("lyrics"), str) \
+                and data["lyrics"] != "":
+            return data["lyrics"]
+        return None
+
+    def __fetch_lrclib(self, artist: str, title: str) \
+            -> str | None:
+        """Fetch the lyrics of a song from LRCLIB.
+
+        :param artist: The artist name to query with.
+        :param title: The song title to query with.
+        :return: The plain lyrics text, or None on a miss.
+        """
+        query: str = urllib.parse.urlencode(
+            {"artist_name": artist, "track_name": title})
+        url: str = f"https://lrclib.net/api/get?{query}"
+        data: Any = self.__get_json(url)
+        if isinstance(data, dict) \
+                and isinstance(data.get("plainLyrics"), str) \
+                and data["plainLyrics"] != "":
+            return data["plainLyrics"]
+        return None
+
+    def __get_json(self, url: str) -> Any:
+        """Send a GET request and return the parsed JSON body.
+
+        Consecutive requests are separated by a fixed delay.
+
+        :param url: The URL to request.
+        :return: The parsed JSON body, or None on any HTTP,
+            network, or decoding error.
+        """
+        if self.__sent > 0:
+            time.sleep(SLEEP_SECONDS)
+        self.__sent += 1
+        request: urllib.request.Request = urllib.request.Request(
+            url, headers={"User-Agent": USER_AGENT})
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(
+                    request, timeout=TIMEOUT) as response:
+                return json.load(response)
+        except (OSError, ValueError):
+            return None
+
+
+def query_artist(session: Session, song_id: int) -> str | None:
+    """Find the artist name to query the APIs with.
+
+    :param session: The database session.
+    :param song_id: The song ID.
+    :return: The name of the primary-role artist with the lowest
+        position, or None when the song has no primary artist.
+    """
+    return session.scalar(
+        sa.select(Artist.name)
+        .join(SongArtist, SongArtist.artist_id == Artist.id)
+        .where(SongArtist.song_id == song_id,
+               SongArtist.role == "primary")
+        .order_by(SongArtist.position)
+        .limit(1))
+
+
+def save_lyrics(song_id: int, lyrics: str) -> None:
+    """Write the lyrics of a song into the cache directory.
+
+    The cache directory is created when missing.
+
+    :param song_id: The song ID.
+    :param lyrics: The lyrics text.
+    :return: None.
+    :raises OSError: When the file cannot be written.
+    """
+    LYRICS_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    (LYRICS_DIR / f"{song_id}.txt").write_text(
+        lyrics, encoding="utf-8")
+
+
+def append_provenance(song_id: int, source: str) -> None:
+    """Append a provenance row for a fetched lyrics file.
+
+    The CSV file is created with the header row when missing.
+
+    :param song_id: The song ID.
+    :param source: The source name of the fetched lyrics.
+    :return: None.
+    :raises OSError: When the file cannot be written.
+    """
+    is_new: bool = not PROVENANCE_CSV.exists()
+    PROVENANCE_CSV.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with open(PROVENANCE_CSV, "a", encoding="utf-8",
+              newline="") as file:
+        writer: Any = csv.writer(file)
+        if is_new:
+            writer.writerow(PROVENANCE_FIELDS)
+        writer.writerow([song_id, source, "api-fetch",
+                         datetime.date.today().isoformat(), ""])
+
+
+def write_missing(misses: Sequence[Sequence[Any]]) -> None:
+    """Rewrite the missing lyrics report CSV file.
+
+    The previous content is replaced, so the file reflects the
+    current misses only.
+
+    :param misses: The rows of the songs still without lyrics,
+        each with the song ID, the title, the artist credit, and
+        the reason.
+    :return: None.
+    :raises OSError: When the file cannot be written.
+    """
+    MISSING_CSV.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with open(MISSING_CSV, "w", encoding="utf-8",
+              newline="") as file:
+        writer: Any = csv.writer(file)
+        writer.writerow(MISSING_FIELDS)
+        writer.writerows(misses)
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    """Fetch the missing song lyrics from the public APIs.
+
+    :param argv: The command-line arguments, or None for
+        ``sys.argv``.
+    :return: The exit status: 0 on success, misses included,
+        non-zero on a setup error.
+    """
+    parse_args(argv)
+    fetcher: LyricsFetcher = LyricsFetcher()
+    fetched: int = 0
+    misses: list[tuple[int, str, str, str]] = []
+    session: Session = ds.get_db()
+    try:
+        song: Song
+        for song in session.scalars(
+                sa.select(Song).order_by(Song.id)):
+            if (LYRICS_DIR / f"{song.id}.txt").exists():
+                continue
+            artist: str | None = query_artist(session, song.id)
+            result: tuple[str, str] | None = None
+            reason: str = "no primary artist"
+            if artist is not None:
+                result = fetcher.fetch(artist, song.title)
+                reason = "not found"
+            if result is None:
+                misses.append((song.id, song.title,
+                               song.artist_credit, reason))
+                print(f"song {song.id} \"{song.title}\": miss",
+                      file=sys.stderr)
+                continue
+            lyrics: str
+            source: str
+            lyrics, source = result
+            save_lyrics(song.id, lyrics)
+            append_provenance(song.id, source)
+            fetched += 1
+            print(f"song {song.id} \"{song.title}\": {source}",
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+        write_missing(misses)
+    except (OSError, sa.exc.SQLAlchemyError) as error:
+        print(f"error: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    finally:
+        session.close()
+    print(f"done: {fetched} fetched, {len(misses)} missed",
+          file=sys.stderr)
+    return 0

tools/src/pop_fem_audit_tools/models.py

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+"""The data models.
+
+The schema covers the year-end chart data: songs with their
+lyrics, their yearly chart entries, the individual artists, and
+the song-artist credits with the role and order.
+
+"""
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column, relationship
+
+from .database import Base
+
+
+class Song(Base):
+    """A song, identified by its title and combined artist credit."""
+    __tablename__ = "songs"
+    """The table name."""
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    """The song ID."""
+    title: Mapped[str] = mapped_column()
+    """The song title."""
+    artist_credit: Mapped[str] = mapped_column()
+    """The combined artist credit string as printed on the chart."""
+    lyrics: Mapped[str | None]
+    """The lyrics text, when available."""
+    chart_entries: Mapped[list[ChartEntry]] \
+        = relationship(back_populates="song")
+    """The chart entries of the song."""
+    song_artists: Mapped[list[SongArtist]] \
+        = relationship(back_populates="song")
+    """The song-artist credits of the song."""
+    __table_args__ = (sa.UniqueConstraint(title, artist_credit),)
+    """The table-level constraints."""
+
+
+class ChartEntry(Base):
+    """An entry of a song on the year-end chart."""
+    __tablename__ = "chart_entries"
+    """The table name."""
+
+    year: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    """The chart year."""
+    rank: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    """The rank of the song on the chart of the year."""
+    song_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(sa.ForeignKey(Song.id))
+    """The ID of the charted song."""
+    song: Mapped[Song] = relationship(back_populates="chart_entries")
+    """The charted song."""
+
+
+class Artist(Base):
+    """An individual artist."""
+    __tablename__ = "artists"
+    """The table name."""
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    """The artist ID."""
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(unique=True)
+    """The artist name."""
+    wikidata_qid: Mapped[str | None]
+    """The Wikidata QID of the artist."""
+    gender: Mapped[str | None]
+    """The gender of the artist."""
+    artist_type: Mapped[str | None]
+    """The artist type: solo, group, or mixed."""
+    genre: Mapped[str | None]
+    """The music genre of the artist."""
+    country: Mapped[str | None]
+    """The country of the artist."""
+    song_artists: Mapped[list[SongArtist]] \
+        = relationship(back_populates="artist")
+    """The song-artist credits of the artist."""
+
+
+class SongArtist(Base):
+    """A credit of an artist on a song, with the role and order."""
+    __tablename__ = "song_artists"
+    """The table name."""
+
+    song_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(sa.ForeignKey(Song.id),
+                                         primary_key=True)
+    """The ID of the credited song."""
+    artist_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+        sa.ForeignKey(Artist.id), primary_key=True)
+    """The ID of the credited artist."""
+    role: Mapped[str] = mapped_column()
+    """The role of the artist: primary or featured."""
+    position: Mapped[int]
+    """The 0-based position of the artist in the credit order."""
+    song: Mapped[Song] = relationship(back_populates="song_artists")
+    """The credited song."""
+    artist: Mapped[Artist] \
+        = relationship(back_populates="song_artists")
+    """The credited artist."""
+    __table_args__ = (
+        sa.CheckConstraint(role.in_(["primary", "featured"]),
+                           name="ck_song_artists_role"),)
+    """The table-level constraints."""

tools/tests/test_build_db.py

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+"""Unit tests for the working store builder module."""
+import io
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from contextlib import redirect_stderr
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+from unittest import mock
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from pop_fem_audit_tools import build_db, config
+from pop_fem_audit_tools.database import DataSource
+from pop_fem_audit_tools.models import (
+    Artist,
+    ChartEntry,
+    Song,
+)
+
+
+class TestParseArtistCredit(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test cases for the artist credit parser."""
+
+    def test_plain_solo(self) -> None:
+        """Test a plain solo artist credit."""
+        self.assertEqual(build_db.parse_artist_credit("Adele"),
+                         [("Adele", "primary")])
+
+    def test_featuring_with_and(self) -> None:
+        """Test a featuring credit with an "and" delimiter."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            build_db.parse_artist_credit(
+                "Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla"),
+            [("Drake", "primary"),
+             ("Wizkid", "featured"),
+             ("Kyla", "featured")])
+
+    def test_comma_and_ampersand(self) -> None:
+        """Test a credit with comma and ampersand delimiters."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            build_db.parse_artist_credit(
+                "Lady Gaga, Bradley Cooper & BloodPop"),
+            [("Lady Gaga", "primary"),
+             ("Bradley Cooper", "primary"),
+             ("BloodPop", "primary")])
+
+    def test_x_delimiter(self) -> None:
+        """Test the "x" delimiter."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            build_db.parse_artist_credit("KAROL G x Nicki Minaj"),
+            [("KAROL G", "primary"),
+             ("Nicki Minaj", "primary")])
+
+    def test_plus_delimiter(self) -> None:
+        """Test the "+" delimiter."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            build_db.parse_artist_credit("Marshmello + Halsey"),
+            [("Marshmello", "primary"),
+             ("Halsey", "primary")])
+
+    def test_with_delimiter(self) -> None:
+        """Test the "with" delimiter."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            build_db.parse_artist_credit(
+                "Kane Brown with Lauren Alaina"),
+            [("Kane Brown", "primary"),
+             ("Lauren Alaina", "primary")])
+
+    def test_feat_abbreviation(self) -> None:
+        """Test that "Feat." splits the featured side."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            build_db.parse_artist_credit(
+                "Ariana Grande Feat. Doja Cat"
+                " & Megan Thee Stallion"),
+            [("Ariana Grande", "primary"),
+             ("Doja Cat", "featured"),
+             ("Megan Thee Stallion", "featured")])
+
+    def test_case_insensitive_featuring(self) -> None:
+        """Test that "Featuring" splits case-insensitively."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            build_db.parse_artist_credit(
+                "24kGoldn Featuring iann dior"),
+            [("24kGoldn", "primary"),
+             ("iann dior", "featured")])
+
+
+class TestBuildDB(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test cases for the working store build."""
+
+    CHART_CSV: str = (
+        "year,rank,title,artist\n"
+        "2016,1,Hello,Adele\n"
+        "2016,2,One Dance,Drake featuring Wizkid\n"
+        "2017,1,One Dance,Drake featuring Wizkid\n"
+        "2017,2,Shape of You,Ed Sheeran\n")
+    """The default chart CSV fixture: 2 years with 2 ranks each."""
+
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        """Create a temporary working directory with the fixtures."""
+        tmp: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory[str] \
+            = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(tmp.cleanup)
+        self.__dir: Path = Path(tmp.name)
+        old_cwd: str = os.getcwd()
+        self.addCleanup(os.chdir, old_cwd)
+        os.chdir(self.__dir)
+        Path("data").mkdir()
+        self.__write_chart(self.CHART_CSV)
+        url: str = f"sqlite:///{self.__dir}/store.sqlite3"
+        config.set_settings(config.Settings(
+            SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL=url,
+            ANTHROPIC_API_KEY="test-key"))
+        self.__ds: DataSource = DataSource()
+        patchers: list[Any] = [
+            mock.patch.object(build_db, "ds", self.__ds),
+            mock.patch.object(build_db, "YEARS", [2016, 2017]),
+            mock.patch.object(build_db, "RANKS_PER_YEAR", 2)]
+        for patcher in patchers:
+            patcher.start()
+            self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __write_chart(content: str) -> None:
+        """Write the chart CSV fixture.
+
+        :param content: The CSV content.
+        :return: None.
+        """
+        Path("data/yearend_hot100_2016_2025.csv").write_text(
+            content, encoding="utf-8")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __run_build() -> tuple[int, str]:
+        """Run the build with the standard error captured.
+
+        :return: A tuple of the exit status and the standard
+            error.
+        """
+        stderr: io.StringIO = io.StringIO()
+        with redirect_stderr(stderr):
+            status: int = build_db.main([])
+        return status, stderr.getvalue()
+
+    def __session(self) -> Session:
+        """Open a database session closed on test cleanup.
+
+        :return: The database session.
+        """
+        session: Session = self.__ds.get_db()
+        self.addCleanup(session.close)
+        return session
+
+    def __song_titles(self) -> dict[int, str]:
+        """Read the song titles keyed by their IDs.
+
+        :return: The song titles, keyed by the song IDs.
+        """
+        session: Session = self.__session()
+        return {x.id: x.title
+                for x in session.scalars(sa.select(Song))}
+
+    def test_dedup_repeated_song(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a song repeated across years is stored once."""
+        status: int
+        stderr: str
+        status, stderr = self.__run_build()
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        session: Session = self.__session()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(list(session.scalars(sa.select(Song)))), 3)
+        song: Song | None = session.scalar(
+            sa.select(Song).where(Song.title == "One Dance"))
+        assert song is not None
+        self.assertEqual(sorted((x.year, x.rank)
+                                for x in song.chart_entries),
+                         [(2016, 2), (2017, 1)])
+        self.assertEqual([(x.artist.name, x.role, x.position)
+                          for x in song.song_artists],
+                         [("Drake", "primary", 0),
+                          ("Wizkid", "featured", 1)])
+        self.assertIn("3 songs", stderr)
+        self.assertIn("4 chart entries", stderr)
+        self.assertIn("4 artists", stderr)
+        self.assertIn("4 credits", stderr)
+
+    def test_first_run_on_fresh_store(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a build on a fresh store creates the tables."""
+        self.assertFalse((self.__dir / "store.sqlite3").exists())
+        self.assertEqual(self.__run_build()[0], 0)
+        session: Session = self.__session()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(list(session.scalars(sa.select(Song)))), 3)
+
+    def test_deterministic_ids(self) -> None:
+        """Test that two rebuilds assign the same song IDs."""
+        self.assertEqual(self.__run_build()[0], 0)
+        titles: dict[int, str] = self.__song_titles()
+        self.assertEqual(titles, {1: "Hello", 2: "One Dance",
+                                  3: "Shape of You"})
+        self.assertEqual(self.__run_build()[0], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self.__song_titles(), titles)
+
+    def test_failed_build_keeps_previous(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a failed build keeps the previous contents."""
+        self.assertEqual(self.__run_build()[0], 0)
+        titles: dict[int, str] = self.__song_titles()
+        self.__write_chart(
+            "year,rank,title,artist\n"
+            "2016,1,Hello,Adele\n")
+        status: int
+        stderr: str
+        status, stderr = self.__run_build()
+        self.assertNotEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertIn("year 2016 rank 2", stderr)
+        self.assertEqual(self.__song_titles(), titles)
+        session: Session = self.__session()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(list(session.scalars(sa.select(ChartEntry)))), 4)
+
+    def test_missing_rank_fails(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a missing rank fails without partial data."""
+        self.__write_chart(
+            "year,rank,title,artist\n"
+            "2016,1,Hello,Adele\n"
+            "2016,2,One Dance,Drake featuring Wizkid\n"
+            "2017,1,One Dance,Drake featuring Wizkid\n")
+        status: int
+        stderr: str
+        status, stderr = self.__run_build()
+        self.assertNotEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertIn("year 2017 rank 2", stderr)
+        session: Session = self.__session()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(session.scalars(sa.select(ChartEntry))), [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(session.scalars(sa.select(Song))), [])
+
+    def test_overrides_apply_over_wikidata(self) -> None:
+        """Test that the overrides win over the Wikidata snapshot."""
+        Path("data/artists_wikidata.csv").write_text(
+            "name,qid,gender,artist_type,genre,country,note\n"
+            "Adele,Q2831,female,solo,pop,GB,\n",
+            encoding="utf-8")
+        Path("data/artists_overrides.csv").write_text(
+            "name,qid,gender,artist_type,genre,country,note\n"
+            "Adele,,,,soul,,manually checked\n",
+            encoding="utf-8")
+        self.assertEqual(self.__run_build()[0], 0)
+        session: Session = self.__session()
+        artist: Artist | None = session.scalar(
+            sa.select(Artist).where(Artist.name == "Adele"))
+        assert artist is not None
+        self.assertEqual(artist.genre, "soul")
+        self.assertEqual(artist.gender, "female")
+        self.assertEqual(artist.wikidata_qid, "Q2831")
+        self.assertEqual(artist.country, "GB")
+
+    def test_unknown_override_name_fails(self) -> None:
+        """Test that an unknown override name fails the build."""
+        Path("data/artists_overrides.csv").write_text(
+            "name,qid,gender,artist_type,genre,country,note\n"
+            "Adel,,female,,,,typo\n", encoding="utf-8")
+        status: int
+        stderr: str
+        status, stderr = self.__run_build()
+        self.assertNotEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertIn("Adel", stderr)
+        session: Session = self.__session()
+        self.assertEqual(list(session.scalars(sa.select(Song))), [])
+
+    def test_lyrics_loaded(self) -> None:
+        """Test loading the lyrics cache into the songs."""
+        Path("data/lyrics").mkdir()
+        Path("data/lyrics/1.txt").write_text(
+            "Hello, it's me\n", encoding="utf-8")
+        Path("data/lyrics/999.txt").write_text(
+            "orphan\n", encoding="utf-8")
+        status: int
+        stderr: str
+        status, stderr = self.__run_build()
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertIn("999", stderr)
+        self.assertIn("1 songs with lyrics", stderr)
+        session: Session = self.__session()
+        song: Song | None = session.get(Song, 1)
+        assert song is not None
+        self.assertEqual(song.title, "Hello")
+        self.assertEqual(song.lyrics, "Hello, it's me\n")

tools/tests/test_fetch_artists.py

@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+"""Unit tests for the artist metadata fetcher module."""
+import csv
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+import urllib.error
+from contextlib import redirect_stderr
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+from unittest import mock
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from pop_fem_audit_tools import config, fetch_artists
+from pop_fem_audit_tools.database import Base, DataSource
+from pop_fem_audit_tools.models import Artist
+
+
+class TestFetchArtists(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test cases for the artist metadata fetcher."""
+
+    HEADER: list[str] = [
+        "name", "qid", "gender", "artist_type", "genre",
+        "country", "note"]
+    """The expected header row of the snapshot CSV file."""
+
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        """Create a temporary working directory with the store."""
+        tmp: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory[str] \
+            = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(tmp.cleanup)
+        self.__dir: Path = Path(tmp.name)
+        old_cwd: str = os.getcwd()
+        self.addCleanup(os.chdir, old_cwd)
+        os.chdir(self.__dir)
+        Path("data").mkdir()
+        url: str = f"sqlite:///{self.__dir}/store.sqlite3"
+        config.set_settings(config.Settings(
+            SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL=url,
+            ANTHROPIC_API_KEY="test-key"))
+        self.__ds: DataSource = DataSource()
+        patchers: list[Any] = [
+            mock.patch.object(fetch_artists, "ds", self.__ds),
+            mock.patch.object(fetch_artists, "SLEEP_SECONDS",
+                              0.0)]
+        for patcher in patchers:
+            patcher.start()
+            self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+
+    def __seed(self, names: list[str]) -> None:
+        """Create the schema and the fixture artists.
+
+        The artist IDs are assigned in list order starting from
+        1.
+
+        :param names: The artist names.
+        :return: None.
+        """
+        Base.metadata.create_all(self.__ds.engine)
+        session: Session = self.__ds.get_db()
+        try:
+            name: str
+            for name in names:
+                session.add(Artist(name=name))
+            session.commit()
+        finally:
+            session.close()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __response(payload: dict[str, Any]) -> mock.MagicMock:
+        """Build a fake HTTP response with a JSON body.
+
+        :param payload: The JSON payload of the response body.
+        :return: The fake response, usable as a context manager.
+        """
+        response: mock.MagicMock = mock.MagicMock()
+        response.__enter__.return_value = response
+        response.read.return_value \
+            = json.dumps(payload).encode("utf-8")
+        return response
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __server_error() -> urllib.error.HTTPError:
+        """Build an HTTP 500 error.
+
+        :return: The HTTP 500 error.
+        """
+        return urllib.error.HTTPError(
+            "https://example.com/", 500,
+            "Internal Server Error", None, None)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __claim(qid: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Build a claim statement with an item-ID target.
+
+        :param qid: The item ID of the statement target.
+        :return: The claim statement.
+        """
+        return {"mainsnak": {"snaktype": "value",
+                             "datavalue": {"value": {"id": qid}}}}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __labels(labels: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Build a label query response payload.
+
+        :param labels: The English labels, keyed by the item ID.
+        :return: The response payload.
+        """
+        return {"entities": {
+            x: {"labels": {"en": {"value": y}}}
+            for x, y in labels.items()}}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __run_fetch() -> tuple[int, str]:
+        """Run the fetcher with the standard error captured.
+
+        :return: A tuple of the exit status and the standard
+            error.
+        """
+        stderr: io.StringIO = io.StringIO()
+        with redirect_stderr(stderr):
+            status: int = fetch_artists.main([])
+        return status, stderr.getvalue()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __read_rows(path: Path) -> list[list[str]]:
+        """Read the rows of a CSV file.
+
+        :param path: The CSV file.
+        :return: The rows, the header included.
+        """
+        with open(path, encoding="utf-8", newline="") as file:
+            return list(csv.reader(file))
+
+    def test_human_artist(self) -> None:
+        """Test a human artist resolving the full metadata."""
+        self.__seed(["Adele"])
+        search: dict[str, Any] = {"search": [
+            {"id": "Q1", "description": "English singer"}]}
+        claims: dict[str, Any] = {"entities": {"Q1": {"claims": {
+            "P21": [self.__claim("Q2")],
+            "P31": [self.__claim("Q5")],
+            "P136": [self.__claim("Q3"), self.__claim("Q4")],
+            "P27": [self.__claim("Q6")]}}}}
+        labels: dict[str, Any] = self.__labels({
+            "Q2": "female", "Q5": "human", "Q3": "pop",
+            "Q4": "soul music", "Q6": "United Kingdom"})
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[self.__response(search),
+                             self.__response(claims),
+                             self.__response(labels)]) as urlopen:
+            status: int
+            stderr: str
+            status, stderr = self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(urlopen.call_count, 3)
+        request: Any = urlopen.call_args_list[0][0][0]
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_header("User-agent"),
+                         fetch_artists.USER_AGENT)
+        urls: list[str] = [x[0][0].full_url
+                           for x in urlopen.call_args_list]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urls[0],
+            "https://www.wikidata.org/w/api.php"
+            "?action=wbsearchentities&search=Adele&language=en"
+            "&type=item&format=json")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urls[1],
+            "https://www.wikidata.org/w/api.php"
+            "?action=wbgetentities&ids=Q1&props=claims"
+            "&format=json")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urls[2],
+            "https://www.wikidata.org/w/api.php"
+            "?action=wbgetentities&ids=Q2%7CQ5%7CQ3%7CQ4%7CQ6"
+            "&props=labels&languages=en&format=json")
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(
+            Path("data/artists_wikidata.csv"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[0], self.HEADER)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1], [
+            "Adele", "Q1", "female", "solo", "pop; soul music",
+            "United Kingdom", "English singer"])
+        self.assertIn(
+            "1 fetched, 0 not found, 0 errors, 0 skipped",
+            stderr)
+
+    def test_band(self) -> None:
+        """Test a band resolving the group type and the origin."""
+        self.__seed(["BTS"])
+        search: dict[str, Any] = {"search": [
+            {"id": "Q10",
+             "description": "South Korean boy band"}]}
+        claims: dict[str, Any] = {"entities": {"Q10": {"claims": {
+            "P31": [self.__claim("Q11")],
+            "P136": [self.__claim("Q12")],
+            "P495": [self.__claim("Q13")]}}}}
+        labels: dict[str, Any] = self.__labels({
+            "Q11": "boy band", "Q12": "K-pop",
+            "Q13": "South Korea"})
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[self.__response(search),
+                             self.__response(claims),
+                             self.__response(labels)]):
+            status: int = self.__run_fetch()[0]
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(
+            Path("data/artists_wikidata.csv"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1], [
+            "BTS", "Q10", "", "group", "K-pop", "South Korea",
+            "South Korean boy band"])
+
+    def test_not_found(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a search miss writes a not-found row."""
+        self.__seed(["Nobody"])
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[self.__response({"search": []})]
+                ) as urlopen:
+            status: int
+            stderr: str
+            status, stderr = self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(urlopen.call_count, 1)
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(
+            Path("data/artists_wikidata.csv"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[0], self.HEADER)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1], [
+            "Nobody", "", "", "", "", "", "not found"])
+        self.assertIn(
+            "0 fetched, 1 not found, 0 errors, 0 skipped",
+            stderr)
+
+    def test_http_error_continues(self) -> None:
+        """Test that an HTTP error is noted and the run goes on."""
+        self.__seed(["Broken", "Nobody"])
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[self.__server_error(),
+                             self.__response({"search": []})]):
+            status: int
+            stderr: str
+            status, stderr = self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(
+            Path("data/artists_wikidata.csv"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1][:2], ["Broken", ""])
+        self.assertTrue(rows[1][6].startswith("error: "))
+        self.assertEqual(rows[2], [
+            "Nobody", "", "", "", "", "", "not found"])
+        self.assertIn(
+            "0 fetched, 1 not found, 1 errors, 0 skipped",
+            stderr)
+
+    def test_rerun_skips_existing(self) -> None:
+        """Test that the snapshot rows are skipped and preserved."""
+        self.__seed(["Adele", "Nobody"])
+        snapshot: Path = Path("data/artists_wikidata.csv")
+        old_row: list[str] = [
+            "Adele", "Q1", "female", "solo", "pop",
+            "United Kingdom", "English singer"]
+        with open(snapshot, "w", encoding="utf-8",
+                  newline="") as file:
+            writer: Any = csv.writer(file)
+            writer.writerow(self.HEADER)
+            writer.writerow(old_row)
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[self.__response({"search": []})]
+                ) as urlopen:
+            status: int
+            stderr: str
+            status, stderr = self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(urlopen.call_count, 1)
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(snapshot)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[0], self.HEADER)
+        self.assertNotIn(self.HEADER, rows[1:])
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1], old_row)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[2], [
+            "Nobody", "", "", "", "", "", "not found"])
+        self.assertIn(
+            "0 fetched, 1 not found, 0 errors, 1 skipped",
+            stderr)
+
+    def test_no_store_fails(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a missing working store fails the run."""
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch("urllib.request.urlopen") as urlopen:
+            status: int
+            stderr: str
+            status, stderr = self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertNotEqual(status, 0)
+        urlopen.assert_not_called()
+        self.assertIn("error:", stderr)

tools/tests/test_fetch_lyrics.py

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+"""Unit tests for the lyrics fetcher module."""
+import csv
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+import urllib.error
+from contextlib import redirect_stderr
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+from unittest import mock
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from pop_fem_audit_tools import config, fetch_lyrics
+from pop_fem_audit_tools.database import Base, DataSource
+from pop_fem_audit_tools.models import (
+    Artist,
+    Song,
+    SongArtist,
+)
+
+
+class TestFetchLyrics(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test cases for the lyrics fetcher."""
+
+    PROVENANCE_HEADER: list[str] = [
+        "song_id", "source", "method", "acquired_at", "note"]
+    """The expected header row of the provenance CSV file."""
+    MISSING_HEADER: list[str] = [
+        "song_id", "title", "artist_credit", "reason"]
+    """The expected header row of the missing report CSV file."""
+
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        """Create a temporary working directory with the store."""
+        tmp: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory[str] \
+            = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(tmp.cleanup)
+        self.__dir: Path = Path(tmp.name)
+        old_cwd: str = os.getcwd()
+        self.addCleanup(os.chdir, old_cwd)
+        os.chdir(self.__dir)
+        Path("data").mkdir()
+        url: str = f"sqlite:///{self.__dir}/store.sqlite3"
+        config.set_settings(config.Settings(
+            SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL=url,
+            ANTHROPIC_API_KEY="test-key"))
+        self.__ds: DataSource = DataSource()
+        patchers: list[Any] = [
+            mock.patch.object(fetch_lyrics, "ds", self.__ds),
+            mock.patch.object(fetch_lyrics, "SLEEP_SECONDS", 0.0)]
+        for patcher in patchers:
+            patcher.start()
+            self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+
+    def __seed(self, songs: list[tuple[str, str]]) -> None:
+        """Create the schema and the fixture songs.
+
+        Each song gets a single primary artist at position 0;
+        the song IDs are assigned in list order starting from 1.
+
+        :param songs: The (title, artist) pairs.
+        :return: None.
+        """
+        Base.metadata.create_all(self.__ds.engine)
+        session: Session = self.__ds.get_db()
+        try:
+            artists: dict[str, Artist] = {}
+            title: str
+            artist: str
+            for title, artist in songs:
+                if artist not in artists:
+                    artists[artist] = Artist(name=artist)
+                song: Song = Song(title=title,
+                                  artist_credit=artist)
+                session.add(song)
+                session.add(SongArtist(song=song,
+                                       artist=artists[artist],
+                                       role="primary",
+                                       position=0))
+            session.commit()
+        finally:
+            session.close()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __response(payload: dict[str, Any]) -> mock.MagicMock:
+        """Build a fake HTTP response with a JSON body.
+
+        :param payload: The JSON payload of the response body.
+        :return: The fake response, usable as a context manager.
+        """
+        response: mock.MagicMock = mock.MagicMock()
+        response.__enter__.return_value = response
+        response.read.return_value \
+            = json.dumps(payload).encode("utf-8")
+        return response
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __not_found() -> urllib.error.HTTPError:
+        """Build an HTTP 404 error.
+
+        :return: The HTTP 404 error.
+        """
+        return urllib.error.HTTPError(
+            "https://example.com/", 404, "Not Found", None, None)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __run_fetch() -> tuple[int, str]:
+        """Run the fetcher with the standard error captured.
+
+        :return: A tuple of the exit status and the standard
+            error.
+        """
+        stderr: io.StringIO = io.StringIO()
+        with redirect_stderr(stderr):
+            status: int = fetch_lyrics.main([])
+        return status, stderr.getvalue()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __read_rows(path: Path) -> list[list[str]]:
+        """Read the rows of a CSV file.
+
+        :param path: The CSV file.
+        :return: The rows, the header included.
+        """
+        with open(path, encoding="utf-8", newline="") as file:
+            return list(csv.reader(file))
+
+    def test_ovh_hit(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a Lyrics.ovh hit writes the cache files."""
+        self.__seed([("Hello", "Adele")])
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[self.__response(
+                    {"lyrics": "Hello, it's me\n"})]) as urlopen:
+            status: int
+            stderr: str
+            status, stderr = self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(urlopen.call_count, 1)
+        request: Any = urlopen.call_args[0][0]
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_header("User-agent"),
+                         fetch_lyrics.USER_AGENT)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Path("data/lyrics/1.txt").read_text(encoding="utf-8"),
+            "Hello, it's me\n")
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(
+            Path("data/lyrics_provenance.csv"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[0], self.PROVENANCE_HEADER)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1][:3],
+                         ["1", "lyrics.ovh", "api-fetch"])
+        self.assertNotEqual(rows[1][3], "")
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1][4], "")
+        self.assertIn("1 fetched, 0 missed", stderr)
+
+    def test_lrclib_fallback(self) -> None:
+        """Test that an ovh miss falls back to an LRCLIB hit."""
+        self.__seed([("Hello", "Adele")])
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[
+                    self.__not_found(),
+                    self.__response({"plainLyrics": "Hello\n"})]
+                ) as urlopen:
+            status: int = self.__run_fetch()[0]
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(urlopen.call_count, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Path("data/lyrics/1.txt").read_text(encoding="utf-8"),
+            "Hello\n")
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(
+            Path("data/lyrics_provenance.csv"))
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1][:2], ["1", "lrclib"])
+
+    def test_both_miss(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a double miss reports the song as missing."""
+        self.__seed([("Hello", "Adele")])
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[self.__not_found(),
+                             self.__not_found()]):
+            status: int
+            stderr: str
+            status, stderr = self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(Path("data/lyrics/1.txt").exists())
+        self.assertFalse(
+            Path("data/lyrics_provenance.csv").exists())
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(
+            Path("data/lyrics_missing.csv"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[0], self.MISSING_HEADER)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[1][:3], ["1", "Hello", "Adele"])
+        self.assertIn("0 fetched, 1 missed", stderr)
+
+    def test_cached_song_skipped(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a cached song triggers no HTTP request."""
+        self.__seed([("Hello", "Adele")])
+        Path("data/lyrics").mkdir()
+        Path("data/lyrics/1.txt").write_text(
+            "cached\n", encoding="utf-8")
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch("urllib.request.urlopen") as urlopen:
+            status: int = self.__run_fetch()[0]
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        urlopen.assert_not_called()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Path("data/lyrics/1.txt").read_text(encoding="utf-8"),
+            "cached\n")
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(
+            Path("data/lyrics_missing.csv"))
+        self.assertEqual(rows, [self.MISSING_HEADER])
+
+    def test_url_encoding(self) -> None:
+        """Test the percent-encoding of the artist and title."""
+        self.__seed([("What's Up? / Down", "AC/DC & Friends")])
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[self.__not_found(),
+                             self.__not_found()]) as urlopen:
+            self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertEqual(urlopen.call_count, 2)
+        urls: list[str] = [x[0][0].full_url
+                           for x in urlopen.call_args_list]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urls[0],
+            "https://api.lyrics.ovh/v1/AC%2FDC%20%26%20Friends/"
+            "What%27s%20Up%3F%20%2F%20Down")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urls[1],
+            "https://lrclib.net/api/get"
+            "?artist_name=AC%2FDC+%26+Friends"
+            "&track_name=What%27s+Up%3F+%2F+Down")
+
+    def test_provenance_single_header(self) -> None:
+        """Test that the provenance keeps one header across runs."""
+        self.__seed([("Hello", "Adele"),
+                     ("Umbrella", "Rihanna")])
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[
+                    self.__response({"lyrics": "one\n"}),
+                    self.__response({"lyrics": "two\n"})]):
+            self.assertEqual(self.__run_fetch()[0], 0)
+        provenance: Path = Path("data/lyrics_provenance.csv")
+        rows: list[list[str]] = self.__read_rows(provenance)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[0], self.PROVENANCE_HEADER)
+        Path("data/lyrics/2.txt").unlink()
+        with mock.patch(
+                "urllib.request.urlopen",
+                side_effect=[
+                    self.__response({"lyrics": "two again\n"})]):
+            self.assertEqual(self.__run_fetch()[0], 0)
+        rows = self.__read_rows(provenance)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rows), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(rows[0], self.PROVENANCE_HEADER)
+        self.assertNotIn(self.PROVENANCE_HEADER, rows[1:])
+        self.assertEqual([x[0] for x in rows[1:]],
+                         ["1", "2", "2"])
+
+    def test_no_store_fails(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a missing working store fails the run."""
+        urlopen: mock.Mock
+        with mock.patch("urllib.request.urlopen") as urlopen:
+            status: int
+            stderr: str
+            status, stderr = self.__run_fetch()
+        self.assertNotEqual(status, 0)
+        urlopen.assert_not_called()
+        self.assertIn("error:", stderr)

tools/tests/test_models.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# Tools for A Feminist Audit of Pop Music.
+# Copyright 2026 imacat.  All rights reserved.
+# Authors:
+#   imacat@mail.imacat.idv.tw (imacat), 2026/7/31
+# AI assistance: Claude Code (Anthropic)
+"""Unit tests for the data models."""
+import unittest
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from pop_fem_audit_tools import config
+from pop_fem_audit_tools.database import Base, DataSource
+from pop_fem_audit_tools.models import (
+    Artist,
+    ChartEntry,
+    Song,
+    SongArtist,
+)
+
+
+class TestModels(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test cases for the data models."""
+
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        """Create the schema on an in-memory SQLite database."""
+        config.set_settings(config.Settings(
+            SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL="sqlite://",
+            ANTHROPIC_API_KEY="test-key"))
+        self.__ds: DataSource = DataSource()
+        Base.metadata.create_all(self.__ds.engine)
+        self.__session: Session = self.__ds.get_db()
+        self.addCleanup(self.__session.close)
+
+    def __add_song(self) -> None:
+        """Add a song with chart entries, artists, and lyrics.
+
+        :return: None.
+        """
+        song: Song = Song(title="One Dance",
+                          artist_credit="Drake featuring Wizkid")
+        song.chart_entries = [ChartEntry(year=2016, rank=4)]
+        song.song_artists = [
+            SongArtist(artist=Artist(name="Drake"),
+                       role="primary", position=0),
+            SongArtist(artist=Artist(name="Wizkid"),
+                       role="featured", position=1)]
+        song.lyrics = "Baby, I like your style"
+        self.__session.add(song)
+        self.__session.commit()
+
+    def test_song_graph(self) -> None:
+        """Test reading a song graph back through relationships."""
+        self.__add_song()
+        self.__session.expunge_all()
+        song: Song | None = self.__session.scalar(
+            sa.select(Song).where(Song.title == "One Dance"))
+        assert song is not None
+        self.assertEqual(song.artist_credit,
+                         "Drake featuring Wizkid")
+        self.assertEqual([(x.year, x.rank)
+                          for x in song.chart_entries],
+                         [(2016, 4)])
+        self.assertEqual([(x.artist.name, x.role, x.position)
+                          for x in song.song_artists],
+                         [("Drake", "primary", 0),
+                          ("Wizkid", "featured", 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(song.lyrics,
+                         "Baby, I like your style")
+        artist: Artist | None = self.__session.scalar(
+            sa.select(Artist).where(Artist.name == "Wizkid"))
+        assert artist is not None
+        self.assertEqual([x.song.title for x in artist.song_artists],
+                         ["One Dance"])
+
+    def test_duplicated_song_rejected(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a duplicated title and artist credit fails."""
+        self.__add_song()
+        self.__session.add(
+            Song(title="One Dance",
+                 artist_credit="Drake featuring Wizkid"))
+        with self.assertRaises(sa.exc.IntegrityError):
+            self.__session.commit()
+
+    def test_invalid_role_rejected(self) -> None:
+        """Test that an invalid song-artist role fails."""
+        self.__add_song()
+        song: Song | None = self.__session.scalar(
+            sa.select(Song).where(Song.title == "One Dance"))
+        assert song is not None
+        self.__session.add(
+            SongArtist(song=song, artist=Artist(name="Kyla"),
+                       role="cover", position=2))
+        with self.assertRaises(sa.exc.IntegrityError):
+            self.__session.commit()